Enabling heterogeneous network function chaining

Today's data center operators deploy network policies in both physical (e.g., middleboxes, switches) and virtualized (e.g., virtual machines on general purpose servers) network function boxes (NFBs), which reside in different points of the network, to exploit their efficiency and agility respectively. Nevertheless, such heterogeneity has resulted in a great number of independent network nodes that can dynamically generate and implement inconsistent and conflicting network policies, making correct policy implementation a difficult problem to solve. Since these nodes have varying capabilities, services running atop are also faced with profound performance unpredictability. In this paper, we propose a Heterogeneous netwOrk Policy Enforcement (HOPE) scheme to overcome these challenges. HOPE guarantees that network functions (NFs) that implement a policy chain are optimally placed onto heterogeneous NFBs such that the network cost of the policy is minimized. We first experimentally demonstrate that the processing capacity of NFBs is the dominant performance factor. This observation is then used to formulate the Heterogeneous Network Policy Placement problem, which is shown to be NP-Hard. To solve the problem efficiently, an online algorithm is proposed. Our experimental results demonstrate that HOPE achieves the same optimality as Branch-and-bound optimization but is 3 orders of magnitude more efficient

Binary logistic regression analyses of odds for tooth wear among Chinese adults.

<p>Binary logistic regression analyses of odds for tooth wear among Chinese adults.</p

Prevalence and Indicators of Tooth Wear among Chinese Adults

<div><p>Numerous epidemiological studies have focused on the prevalence and related indicators of tooth wear. However, no sufficient studies have been conducted with Chinese adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of tooth wear and identify related indicators among adults aged 36 to 74 years in Wuhan City, P.R. China. A cross-sectional and analytic study was conducted with 720 participants, aged 35–49 yrs and 50–74 yrs, in 2014. Each age group included 360 participants, of which 50% were males and 50% were females. All participants completed a questionnaire before examination. Tooth wear was assessed using the modified Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of tooth wear was 67.5% and 100% in the 35–49 and 50–74 age groups, respectively. The prevalence of dentin exposure was 64.7% and 98.3%, respectively. A significantly higher prevalence of tooth wear and dentin exposure was found in the 50–74 yr group than in the 35–49 yr group (p < 0.05). Critical indicators of tooth wear and dentin exposure included high frequency of acidic drinks and foods consumption, low socio-economic status, and unilateral chewing. The frequency of changing toothbrushes and the habit of drinking water during meals were associated with tooth wear. In addition, the usage of hard-bristle toothbrushes and consuming vitamin C and aspirin were found to be linked with dentin exposure. In conclusion, the prevalence of tooth wear and dentin exposure observed in Chinese adults was high, and the results revealed an association between tooth wear and socio-behavioral risk indicators.</p></div

The relationship between dentin exposure and associated factors among the study population.

<p>The relationship between dentin exposure and associated factors among the study population.</p

Binary logistic regression analyses of odds for dentin exposure among Chinese adults.

<p>Binary logistic regression analyses of odds for dentin exposure among Chinese adults.</p

Schematic illustration of multistage sampling.

<p>Schematic illustration of multistage sampling.</p

The relationship between tooth wear and associated factors among the study population.

<p>The relationship between tooth wear and associated factors among the study population.</p

Modified Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index.

<p>Modified Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index.</p

The prevalence of tooth wear and dentin exposure according to gender and age in Wuhan, China.

<p>The prevalence of tooth wear and dentin exposure according to gender and age in Wuhan, China.</p

Highly Enantioselective Ir-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Pyrazolo[1,5‑<i>a</i>]pyrimidine for the Synthesis of Zanubrutinib

A highly enantioselective catalytic reduction of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine to zanubrutinib has been realized by the Ir/(R)-t-Bu-FcPhox complex. This chiral product could be obtained in up to >99% ee in the asymmetric transformation without any other additives, providing a new route for the asymmetric synthesis of zanubrutinib